Tumour suppressor genes, which determine the development of a cancer in some circumstances, have been discovered more recently than oncogenes. It appears that there are within cells many control elements designed to suppress the development of a cancer. They work by acting as negative controls on the process of cell proliferation and the name ‘tumour suppressor gene’ is probably the best one, although they are frequently referred to as anti-oncogenes. Tumour suppressor genes are harder to study than oncogenes simply because they act as suppressors. When they are doing their work, mere are no cancerous changes to study. A tumour suppressor gene has to be deleted from a cancer cell before the cancer pattern can emerge. Examples of tumour suppressor genes are still relatively few but many more probably remain to be discovered. The best known is a gene that suppresses the development of a rare kind of cancer called retinoblastoma which develops in the eyes of children. This is one of the few cancers that clearly runs in families and it does so because abnormal versions of a particular tumour suppressor gene are inherited from parents by their children. The normal cell contains two copies of the tumour suppressor gene and inheriting a single non-functioning copy from parents is not enough to cause the cancer. The other gene has to be inactivated by a process that occurs after the birth of a child. When both copies are inactive, the cancer develops. In the development of commoner cancers it is unusual for inheritance of an abnormal tumour suppressor gene to be the important mechanism and it is probable that several events must occur after birth before the tumour suppressor genes are fully inactivated. Although these genes were initially discovered as a result of studies carried out in inherited cancers, we now believe that abnormalities in these genes can occur without any inheritance from parents.
The most important tumour suppressor gene known to us so far is probably one called P53, discovered by Professor David Lane at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in London. It is the gene which is most commonly found to be abnormal in any cancer.
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If you have arthritis, you may still drink coffee without harmful effects. But only if you drink it at the right time in relation to your meals.
Coffee will not conflict with the oil in your foods, if you drink the coffee at least ten to thirty minutes before a meal … or at least three to four hours after a meal. Black coffee is more advisable. Do not add white sugar to any coffee, but substitutes like saccharin may be used.
Undiluted tea should be given up, if arthritic pain persists. The tea habit is most drying to the oils of the joint and skin linings. Excessive tea drinking is bad for arthritics, because of its tannic acid content. Adulteration with sugar, lemon and ice also makes tea a dangerous liquid for arthritics when used excessively.
In countries where tea is mixed with milk or cream, this weakens the “harsh effect” of tea on joint linings. However, those who continually mix their tea with milk violate an old law in chemistry— oil (milk) and water (tea) do not mix. Eventually (later in life) this constant habit may lead to an impaired blood circulation within the body. For those who feel “they must have their tea,” it is suggested that it be diluted or weakened and consumed in limited quantities.
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These are the symptoms that occur when the drugs leave the body. Some drugs have a set pattern of withdrawal symptoms that occur in the body. Other drugs, like cocaine or amphetamines, which are said not to have any physical withdrawal symptoms, nevertheless have psychological symptoms that sometimes affect physical behaviour.
All addicts will have some withdrawal symptoms, whether physical or psychological. They are to be expected, and indeed they are a good sign: a sign that the drug is leaving the body – the first stage in recovering from chemical dependence.
Here is a drug-by-drug description of how to stop, what withdrawal symptoms to expect, and how best to deal with them.
Heroin, methadone, the other opiates and narcotic analgesics
How to stop-It is safe but uncomfortable just to stop taking heroin and the other opiates. There is absolutely no dangerous withdrawal reaction. If you are taking under half a gram of heroin or less than a quarter to half a gram of methadone, you will not really need any medication at all. Even over-the-counter medication should be avoided.
If you are taking more than this, you don’t, strictly speaking, need medication. However, if you have a doctor who understands drug dependence, ask for Heminevrin (chlormethiazole edisylate) and Lomotil (diphenoxylate hydrochloride). Ask him to give you a prescription daily, rather than one for all the drugs at once. You should only take these drugs for three to seven days. They will ease the withdrawal symptoms.
It is dangerous to take heroin, methadone or any other opiate on top of these drugs.
Withdrawal symptoms-The myth that heroin or methadone addicts go through cold-turkey horrors is complete and utter drivel. Coming off heroin is relatively much less painful than coming off alcohol or tranquillisers. Some addicts deliberately exaggerate their withdrawal symptoms to obtain more detox medication.
You should expect to shiver and shake for three or four days, with symptoms rather like those of ‘flu – sweating, aches and pains, stomach cramps and a temperature. Tears, a running nose and yawning are also common. You will probably also have diarrhoea.
These are unpleasant, but they are minor symptoms. And, of course, there will be cravings for the drug.
Advice-Keep somebody with you, if possible, for the first few days. They are not needed in case of withdrawal danger, but simply to help you stop running to the dealer! Having company also helps ease the strong feelings of loneliness and isolation.
Keep occupied. Go to at least one Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous meeting every day, if there is one. If you are with recovering addicts, you will get understanding about cravings and help in staying away from dealers and drug-using friends.
If you are working, you will need two or three days off work. But get back to work as soon as possible. Staying alone doing nothing is dangerous because it makes it easier to give in to the cravings.
Do not substitute other drugs or drink. After you have finished the drugs prescribed for the three to seven days of withdrawal, you should not take any drugs or alcohol.

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